Development and validation of a mandarin version of demoralization scale for adolescents and young adults

Abstract The impact of demoralization among the general population has received little attention due to lack an appropriate measurement. Three studies involving 1,143 high school and undergraduate students in Taiwan were thus conducted develop validate a tool assess demoralization. A pool 50 items was first developed administered students. Exploratory factor analysis results supported 5-factor solution with 15 (Study 1). Study 2 compared potential models using confirmatory found second-order model best fit model. 15-item Mandarin version Demoralization Scale (DS-M-15) also have good internal consistency, test–retest reliability, (concurrent predictive) validity sample 3). Taken together, converging findings show that DS-M-15 is promising for assessing Chinese adolescents emerging adults.